Enhancement of Himalayan irregular stone masonry buildings for resilient seismic design

In the Himalayan region of Nepal, stone masonry has been used for centuries as primary building material structures with or without mud mortar. three distinct remote rural villages, a thorough structural survey approximately 223 buildings was conducted an emphasis on their irregularities. The thickness walls frequently varied between floors, which caused mass Openings in front wall were not symmetrical vertical direction, in-plane discontinuity. There also out-of-plane offset irregularities due to cross ground floor. These irregular many aspects and constructed seismic considerations. This type construction is more susceptible earthquakes result these this study, examination typical using information obtained following 2015 Gorkha earthquake. database each typology prepared practice enhance design. use mud/cement mortar extremely sparse, timber bands at various heights along height inappropriate connection roof negligible. main community-learned improvements damage replacement gable metal sheet, reduction individual homes one story, lighter upper stories hotel buildings. Based regional techniques, non-linear finite models enhanced simulated. Due units, variability, constrained linear behavior, presents difficulties conducting detailed numerical analysis. development other materials, careful attention detail, found have significant potential seismically resilient form.